English Grammar Class #09( Part-2)

Hello, Dear Friends! 

In our previous class #09(a), we discussed about the rules how Plural Nouns are formed from the Singular Nouns. In our class today we will continue to discuss about more rules of forming Plural Nouns from the Singular Nouns. Let's begin with keen interest and academic set of mind.

(X) Some Nouns have the Singular and Plural Nouns alike. For example: 

Sheep, Deer, Aircraft, Spacecraft, Series, Species, Innings, Dozen, Score, Gross, Hundred, Thousand (when used after numerals), news etc.

-(XI) Some nouns are used only in the Plural. For example:

1. Names of instruments which have two parts forming a kind of pair. As:

Bellows, Scissors, Tongs, Pincers, Spectacles etc.

2. Names of certain articles of dress. As:

Trousers, Drawers, Breeches, Jeans, Tights, Shorts, Pyjamas etc.

3. Names of subjects. As:

Mathematics, Physics, Electronics etc.

4. Names of some common disease. As:

Measles, Mumps, Rickets etc.

5. Names of some games. As:

Billiards, Draughts, Snakes and ladders etc.

(XIII) Some Collective nouns, though singular in form, are always used as Plurals. As: 

Poultry, Cattle, Vermin, People, Nation etc.

(XIV) Some compound nouns generally form their plural by adding (-s) to the principal word. As: 

Son-in- law ------------ Sons-in-law
Daughter-in-law ---------- Daughters-in-law
Son-in-law ------------ Sons-in-law
Stepdaughter ----------- Stepdaughters
Maidservant ------------ Maidservants
Passerby ----------- Passersby
Looker-on ----------- Lookers-on
Man-of-War ----------- Men-of-War
Commander-in-Chief -------------- Commanders-in-Chief.

We hope you find this and the previous class very valuable to clear your concepts about the rules to form Plural Nouns from the Singular Nouns.

If you have any questions regarding our classes, feel free to contact us into our inbox of our Facebook page English Speaking Club or here in comment box. We will be pleased to respond.

Best of luck.

English Grammar Class #09 (Part-1)

Hello, Dear Friends!


In our class today, we are going to discuss about the Noun Number. Keeping in view the length of the class, we are going to divide the class into two equal parts.


-First of all, we will discuss the definitions of Singular & Plural Nouns:


(I) Singular Number ----------------- A noun that mentions one person or thing, is said to be in the singular number. For example: Boy, Girl, King, Queen, Tree, Table, Sorrow.


(II) Plural Number------------- A noun that mentions more than one person or thing is said to be in the plural number. For example: Boys, Girls, Kings, Queens, Trees, Tables, Sorrows.


The next thing is to understand the rules which are applied to form Plural Nouns from the Singular Nouns. They are given below.


(i) By adding (-s) to the singular nouns. For example:


-Book ----------- Books
-Pen ------------ Pens
-Desk ---------- Desks
-Cow ----------- Cows


(ii) By adding (-es) to the singular nouns that end in -s, -sh, -ch, or -x. For example:


-Class ------------ Classes
-Dish ----------- Dishes
-Brush ------------ Brushes
-Match ----------- Matches
-Branch ------------ Branches
-Tax ---------- Taxes
-Box ---------- Boxes.


(iii) By adding (-es) to the singular nouns that end in -o. For example:


-Buffalo ---------- Buffaloes
-Mango ------------ Mangoes
-Cargo ------------- Cargoes
-Echo ------------- Echoes
-Volcano ------------ Volcanoes


(iv) By adding (-s) to the singular nouns that end merely in -o. For example:


-Dynamo ----------- Dynamos
-Solo --------------- Solos
-Ratio ------------- Ratios
-Piano ----------- Pianos
-Kilo ----------- Kilos


(v) Singular nouns ending in -y, preceded by a consonant, form their plural by changing -y into -i and adding (-es). For example:


-Baby ------------ Babies
-Lady ----------- Ladies
-City --------- Cities
-Army ---------- Armies
-Pony ---------- Ponies


(vi) Singular nouns that end in -f or -fe, form their plural by changing -f or -fe into 'v' and adding (-es). For example:


-Thief --------- Thieves
-Wife --------- Wives
-Wolf ----------- Wolves
-Life -------- Lives
-Calf -------- Calves
-Loaf ---------- Loaves
-Knife ---------- Knives
-Elf ----------- Elves


(vii) The singular nouns like 'dwarf', 'hoof', 'scarf' and 'wharf' take either -s or -ves in the plural. For example:


-Dwarf --------- Dwarfs or Dwarves
-Hoofs --------- Hoofs, hooves
-Scarf -------- Scarfs, Scarves
-Wharf --------- Wharf, Wharves


(viii) A few singular nouns form their plurals by changing the inside vowel of the singular. For example:


-Man --------- Men
-Woman ----------- Women
-Foot --------- Feet
-Goose ----------- Geese
-Mouse ----------- Mice
-Louse ---------- Lice


(ix) There are a few singular nouns that form their plural nouns by adding (-en) to the singular. For example:


-Ox ---------- Oxen
-Child ------- Children


We hope you find today's tutorial very comprehensive for your understanding and benefit.

If you have any questions regarding to this tutorial, your queries are welcome in our inbox of our Facebook page English Speaking Club

Best of luck. 

English Grammar Class #08

Hello, Dear Friends!


In our class today we are going to discuss about: The Gender Of a Noun.


There are four kinds of a Gender Noun.


(I) Masculine Gender
(II) Feminine Gender
(III) Common Gender and
(IV) Neuter Gender.


Basically, there are only two kinds of a Gender Noun, Masculine and Feminine Gender. The modern teachers of the English language suggest that there are actually four kinds of a Gender Noun including Common and Neuter Gender.


First, let's discuss about Masculine and Feminine Genders of a Noun.


(I) Masculine Gender-------------- A Noun that mentions a male animal or person is said to be of the Masculine Gender.


(II) Feminine Gender-------------- A Noun that denotes a female animal or person is said to be of the Feminine Gender.


The next thing that we need to know comprehensively is how to change a Masculine Gender Noun into a Feminine Gender Noun.


Followings are some rules that help in forming Masculine Gender Nouns into Feminine Gender Nouns. Let's consider them thoroughly.


-1st Rule:- By adding (-ess) in the end of a Masculine Gender to form a Feminine Gender. For example:


-Author -------------- Authoress
-Baron ------------ Baroness
-Giant -------------- Giantess
-Heir ---------------Heiress
-Poet ------------- Poetess
-Actor --------------- Actress


-Adding (-ess) in the end of a Masculine Gender to form a Feminine Gender is the most common one.


-2nd Rule:- By adding (-ine, -trix, -a, and -en) in the end of a Masculine Gender to form a Feminine Gender. For example:


-Hero ------------ Heroine
-Testator -----------Testatrix
-Czar ----------- Czarina
-Signor ---------- Signora
-Sultan ------------ Sultana
-Fox --------------- Vixen


-3rd Rule:- By adding a word before a Masculine Gender to form a Feminine Gender. For example:


-Grandfather ------------- Grandmother
-Manservant -------------- Maidservant
-Landlord ------------------ Landlady
-Milkman ---------------- Milk-woman
-Peacock ----------------- Peahen


-4th Rule:- By using entirely a different word. For example:


-Boy ------------- Girl
-Papa ------------ Mama
-Brother ----------- Sister
-Husband ------------ Wife
-Horse ------------ Mare
-Nephew ------------ Niece
-Drake ------------- Duck
-Earl ---------------- Countess
-Sir ------------------- Madam.


-We had been talking about Masculine and Feminine Genders of a Noun so far. Let's move on to talk about Common and Neuter Genders also.


(III) Common Gender ----------------A Noun that mentions a thing that is either a male or a female is said to be of the Common Gender. It means it is applied to both male or a female. For example: Parent, Child, Friend, Thief, cousin etc. Nothing is added with them to form a female gender because they can be applied to both male and a female.


(IV) Neuter Gender -------------------A Noun that mentions a thing that is neither male nor a female (i.e. a thing without life) is said to be of the Neuter Gender. It means, like Common Genders they cannot be changed into Feminine or Masculine Genders. For example: Book, pen, table, chair etc.


We hope that today's class provided you with a valuable tutorial about the Gender Of a Noun.
If you have any questions about the tutorial, please feel free to contact us in our inbox of our Facebook page English Speaking Cub .



Best of luck.

English Grammar Class #07

Hello, Dear Friends!


Yesterday we discussed about kinds of a Noun. In today's class we will give you a preview of some commonly used Abstract Nouns constructed from Adjectives, Verbs and Common Nouns. We suggest our friends notice the changes that occur when an Adjective, Verb or a Common Noun is changed into an Abstract Noun.


-Making Abstract Nouns from Adjectives.


First word is an Adjective and the second word is an Abstract Noun.

-Long      --------------- length

-Strong    -------------- strength

-Wide      -------------- Width

-Broad     ------------ Breadth

-High       ------------- Height

-Young    ------------ Youth

-Poor       ------------ Poverty

-Humble ------------ Humbleness

-Just        ----------- Justice

-Brave     ----------- Bravery

-Decent    ---------- Decency

-Prudent   ---------- Prudence

-Novel    ------------ Novelty

-Sane      ---------- sanity

-Quick    ----------- Quickness

-Bitter     -------- Bitterness

-Ignorant ------------ Ignorance

-Making Abstract Nouns from Verbs.


The first word is a Verb and the second one is an Abstract Noun following.


-Laugh ----------- Laughter
-Believe ---------- Belief
-Choose ---------- Choice
-Defend ---------- Defense
-Free --------- Freedom
-Excel ---------- Excellence
-Die --------- Death
-Success ------------ Success
-Judge ------------ Judgment
-Punish ------------- Punishment
-Determine ---------- Determination
-Advise ----------- Advice
-Discover ------------ Discovery
-Occupy ------------- Occupation
-Flatter --------- Flattery
-Steal ---------- Stealth


-Making Abstract Nouns from Common Nouns.


The first word is a Common Noun and the other word is an Abstract Noun.


-Infant ---------- Infancy
-Priest ---------- Priestess
-Thief --------- Theft
-Rogue --------- Roguery
-Bankrupt ---------- Bankruptcy
-Friend ----------- Friendship
-Author ----------- Authoress
-Coward ----------- Cowardice
-Pilgrim ----------- Pilgrimage
-Glutton ---------- Gluttony


We have given here a preview of how Abstract Nouns are constructed from Adjectives, Verbs and Common Nouns. In our next class, we will discuss the rules to change Adjectives, Verbs and Common Nouns into Abstract Nouns.


Hope our friends will be able to get a good preview of the way how Abstract Nouns are constructed from Adjectives, Verbs and Common Nouns.


-If you have any questions regarding the above class, you are welcomed in our inbox of our Facebook page English Speaking Club .


Best of luck.

English Grammar Class #06

Hello!


Dear friends!

In our English Grammar Class today we are going to discuss about Kinds of a Noun. As we know that, Noun is a name of any person, place or thing. It has five (5) kinds.


1. Proper Noun
2. Abstract Noun
3. Collective Noun
4. Common Noun
5. Countable and Uncountable Nouns.


Let's examine each one of them with simple and easy examples.


1. Proper Noun--------------- The word, 'proper' means, 'one's own'. Therefore, a Proper Noun is the name of some particular person, place or thing. Such a person place or thing is unique within it self.


For example:


1. Marilyn has two daughters and a son.
2. Eiffel tower is famous round the world.


In the first example, 'Marilyn' is a Proper Noun. Because there might be tens of hundreds of Marilyns in the world but here we are talking about a particular Marilyn in a given time who has two daughters and a son.


In the second example, 'Eiffel' is a Proper Noun. Because there might be tens of hundreds of towers in the world but here we are talking about a particular tower which is 'Eiffel'.


Other examples might include: Philippines, Taj Mahal, Peter, God, Taj Mahal etc.


-Proper Nouns are always written with a Capital letter in the beginning.


2. Abstract Noun----------------- The word, 'Abstract' means something that does not exist in a 'physical form'. Something that we can only think of or feel for. Therefore, an Abstract Noun is usually the name of a quality, action, or state which has no physical existence itself.


Let's understand this situation with easy and simple examples.
(a) Quality: Goodness, whiteness, darkness, hardness, honesty, wisdom etc.


(b) Action: Laughter, movement, judgment, hatred, etc.


(c) State: Childhood, youth, slavery, sickness, death, poverty etc.


Other examples might include: Kindness, theft, sleep etc.


-The names of the Arts and Sciences (e.g. grammar, music, chemistry, etc. are also Abstract Nouns.


3. Collective Noun------------- The word, 'Collective' means 'something taken as a whole'. Therefore, a Collective Noun is the name of a number (or collection) of persons or things taken together as one whole.


For example, look at the following collections.


-A fleet------------- a collection of ships and vessels.


-An army----------- a collection of soldiers


-A crowd---------- a collection of people etc.


Other examples might include: Herd, flock, pack etc.


4. Common Noun-------------- The word 'common' means 'shared by all'. Therefore, a Common Noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same class or kind.


Let's understand this situation with easy and simple examples.


For example:


1. Dhaka is a busy city.
2. Little Josephine is a princess to her father.


In the first example above, 'Dhaka' is a Proper Noun because it is the name a particular city, while 'city' is a Common Noun because it can be applied to all the other cities of the world also.


In the second example, 'Josephine' is a Proper Noun because it is a particular name of a Person, while 'princess' is a Common Noun which can be applied to all the other kids of the world.


Other examples might include: king, queen, boy, girl, child, tower etc.


-Common Nouns include what are called Collective Nouns and Abstract Nouns.


5. Countable and Uncountable Nouns---------The word 'countable' means ' that can be counted in the numbers one, two, three so on. And the word ' uncountable' means 'something that cannot be counted in the numbers one, two, three so on.


For example:


(a) Countable Nouns: Book, pen, apple, boy, sister, etc.


(b) Uncountable Nouns: Milk, oil, sugar, honesty, truth.


-Countable Nouns have plural forms i.e books, pens, apples etc.


-Uncountable Nouns have no plural forms i.e you cannot say, milks, golds, honesties etc.


We hope that the above tutorial provides you with a handy learning about Kinds of a Noun. If you have any questions, feel free to contact us in our inbox of our Facebook page English Speaking Club


Best of luck.